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| Fruit Crop Advisory Team Alert newsletter | |||||||
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| Vol. 23, No. 13, July 8, 2008 |
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| In this issue Tree fruit news Monitoring and management strategies for the apple maggot Monitoring and management strategies for cherry fruit fly Glyphosate damage in apple and cherry orchards American brown rot control in cherries High density apple orchard tourSmall fruit news Monitoring and management strategies for blueberry maggot Grape IPM Workshop July 24 in Scottdale, Berrien County NW Grape IPM Update “First Friday” meeting Strawberry black root rot and renovation meetingOther news Controlling Japanese beetles in fruit crops New disaster program requires crop insurance Update of Michigan driver’s license requirements Regional reports Weather news
Next issue July 22 |
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| Monitoring and management strategies for the apple maggot John Wise, MSU Trevor Nichols Research Complex David Epstein, IPM Program Larry Gut, Entomology Luís Teixeira, Entomology Apple maggot overwinter as pupae and are developmentally ready to emerge as adults in early summer (900 growing degree-days base 50). Adult fly emergence is often delayed however, if soils are dry. Peak emergence generally occurs between 1400 and 1700 growing degree-days, but is highly dependent on site-specific weather conditions. Much of the Michigan fruit growing region has had above normal precipitation over the last two to three weeks, so apple maggot emergence will likely be unimpeded in these remaining weeks of July. |
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| Monitoring adult apple maggot flight is the key to effective management of this pest. Adult activity can be monitored using yellow sticky boards with ammonium bait, or a red sphere trap covered with an adhesive and baited with synthetic fruit volatile. The yellow trap is most useful during the pre-oviposition period when newly emerged females are actively feeding. The red sphere trap is effective throughout the season because it mimics the ripening fruit that flies are attracted to during egg laying. Comparisons of the two trap types in Michigan have revealed that the red sphere baited with fruit volatiles is the most effective, consistently catching three to four times more flies. Traps should be placed on the south-facing side of trees in perimeter rows because most flies are expected to be immigrating from wild hosts outside the orchard. Optimally, traps should be checked twice weekly starting just before 900 GDD base 50 until the first fly is captured, then once a week thereafter to indicate the end of the flight. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Upon emergence there is an eight to ten day period before female flies begin to lay eggs. During this time they are searching for nutritional sources needed to become sexually mature. After female flies complete this pre-oviposition period and have mated, they will lay eggs just under the skin of ripening fruit with a needle-like ovipositor, making visual detection of the puncture wound difficult to distinguish from lenticels on the apple surface. Fly larvae, called maggots, hatch from eggs within a week and begin to feed in the flesh of the fruit. Maggot infestations will sometimes cause fruit to abort, but often the fruit will hang till harvest. Mature maggots drop out of fruit and enter the ground, where they pupate, starting the next generation’s life cycle. Control of the apple maggot has been traditionally achieved with organophosphate insecticides, like Guthion and Imidan, but some label and processor restrictions may limit their use near harvest. Carbamate and synthetic pyrethroid compounds like Lannate and Asana are also toxic to adult fruit flies, but are generally viewed to be moderately effective because they have a shorter field residual. There are several new reduced-risk and OP-replacement insecticide products that includes apple maggot on their labels. The neonicotinoids Calypso, Clutch, Provado and Assail are labeled for apple maggot control. All three have performed well against apple maggots in small plot field-performance trials. Calypso and Assail have also performed well in on-farm trials conducted in Michigan over the past few years. The Spinosyn compounds SpinTor, Entrust and Delegate (labeled for suppression only) are active on apple maggot, but their need for ingestion by adult flies requires excellent spray coverage. Control material selection should also be guided by consideration of each compound's potential for flaring mite populations (Table 1). GF120 NF Fruit Fly Bait (spinosad) is registered on pome fruits for control of apple maggot and is listed by the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) for use in organic production. Because the primary route of entry is through ingestion, applying this product during the fruit fly pre-oviposition period is important for optimal performance. GF120 must be applied with specialized equipment, and is designed for low-volume application by air. Field efficacy data is encouraging, but we have limited experience with this novel tool to date. The use of Surround WP for fruit fly control is based on creating a protective barrier between the plant and the pest that 1) reduces host recognition of the pest, and 2) prevents adult oviposition (egg-laying). Because it is not toxic to adult flies like conventional contact poisons, complete coverage of the plant is critical. Multiple applications are typically needed to attain initial coverage; further sprays may be necessary to respond to wash-off from rain or excessive wind. Field trials indicate that when adequate coverage is maintained, excellent fruit protection can be achieved. Table 1. Insecticides labeled for control of apple maggot.
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| Monitoring and management strategies for cherry fruit fly John Wise, MSU Trevor Nichols Research Complex Nikki Rothwell, MSU Northwest Horticulture Research Station David Epstein, IPM Program Larry Gut, Entomology Luís Teixeira, Entomology Cherry fruit fly overwinter as pupae and are developmentally ready to emerge as adults in late spring. Adult fly emergence depends on soil heat accumulation. Peak emergence is highly dependent on site-specific weather conditions. Much of the Michigan fruit growing region has had above normal precipitation and relatively low temperature over the growing season, so cherry fruit fly emergence is proceeding slower than normal this year. Monitoring adult cherry fruit fly flight is the key to effective management of this pest. Adult activity can be monitored using yellow sticky boards with ammonium bait. The yellow trap is most useful during the pre-oviposition period when newly emerged females are actively feeding. Traps should be placed on the south-facing side of the top of the canopy of trees in perimeter rows because most flies are expected to be immigrating from wild hosts outside the orchard. The native host of cherry fruit fly is wild black cherry. Optimally, traps should be checked twice weekly until the first fly is captured, then once a week thereafter to indicate the end of the flight. Identifying cherry fruit fly generally requires the use of a 10X hand lens. Adults are gray flies, approximately five mm in length. The most characteristic feature of the fly is the dark pattern on their wings with a broken band at the tip (Figure 1). These wing-banding patterns are used to differentiate between fruit fly species. The greater the number of traps deployed per block, the greater the confidence level in basing treatment decisions on fly catch. Place at least two traps along borders that historically have been a source of infestation. Proper trap maintenance is crucial to trap effectiveness. Over time, the adhesive can be fouled by leaves, twigs, other insects and debris. Remove debris and insects each time traps are checked. The adhesive should then be evenly redistributed. In determining control treatment timing, on-farm fly catches should be used in conjunction with regional trapping information. Basing treatment decisions solely on regional information may lead to unnecessary insecticide applications. If you employ a good trapping program, a control treatment for cherry fruit fly is not warranted until flies are captured on your farm. If flies are trapped on-farm, and a regional trap catch was recorded prior to the on-farm fruit fly capture, the treatment should be timed based on the earlier regional capture. This conservative approach is the best way to ensure that the control is applied prior to the flies reaching reproductive maturity and beginning to lay eggs. Chemical control of cherry fruit fly is focused almost entirely on the adult, with the goal of preventing egg-laying. Upon emergence there is an 10-12 day period before female flies begin to lay eggs. During this time, they are searching for nutritional sources needed to become sexually mature. After female flies complete this pre-oviposition period and have mated, they will seek out fruit for egg-laying. They lay eggs just under the skin of ripening fruit with a needle-like ovipositor, making visual detection of the puncture wound difficult to distinguish from lenticels on the apple surface. Fly larvae, called maggots, hatch from eggs within a week and begin to feed in the flesh of the fruit. Mature maggots drop out of fruit and enter the ground, where they pupate, starting the next generation’s life cycle. Control of the cherry fruit fly has been traditionally achieved with organophosphate insecticides, like Guthion and Imidan (phytotoxic on sweet cherries), but some label and/or processor restrictions may limit their use near harvest. Carbamate and synthetic pyrethroid compounds like Lannate and Asana are also toxic to adult fruit flies, but are generally viewed to be moderately effective because they have a shorter field residual. There are several new reduced-risk and OP-replacement insecticide products that include cherry fruit fly on their labels. The neonicotinoids Actara, Provado and Assail are labeled for cherry fruit fly control. All three have performed well against cherry fruit fly in small plot field-performance trials. The Spinosyn compounds Delegate and Delegate are active on cherry fruit fly, but their need for ingestion by adult flies requires excellent spray coverage. GF120 NF Fruit Fly Bait (spinosad) is registered on pome fruits for control of cherry fruit fly and is listed by the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) for use in organic production. Because the primary route of entry is through ingestion, applying this product during the fruit fly pre-oviposition period is important for optimal performance. GF120 must be applied with specialized equipment, and is designed for low-volume application. The bait is not rainfast and should be re-applied after rain or heavy dew. Field efficacy data is encouraging, but we have limited experience with this novel tool to date. The use of Surround WP for fruit fly control is based on creating a protective barrier between the plant and the pest that 1) reduces host recognition of the pest, and 2) prevents adult oviposition (egg-laying). Because it is not toxic to adult flies like conventional contact poisons, complete coverage of the plant is critical. Multiple applications are typically needed to attain initial coverage; further sprays may be necessary to respond to wash-off from rain or excessive wind. Field trials indicate that when adequate coverage is maintained, excellent fruit protection can be achieved. As a final management note, having fly populations infesting fruit that remain on the tree after harvest may be problematic because resident populations represent a source of infestation the following year. Growers with known high fly captures or fruit infestation post-harvest should consider applying an insecticide at this time to combat the resident populations and maintain them at such a low level that the threat of infestation prior to harvest is negligible. Our initial work on post-harvest cherry fruit fly treatments has indicated that the critical time to apply an insecticide is within the first week after harvest.
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| Glyphosate damage in apple and cherry orchards Nikki Rothwell, District Horticulturist, NWMHRS Mark Longstroth, SW District Fruit Educator Bill Shane, District Horticulturist, SWMREC Amy Irish-Brown, District Fruit ICM Educator, CHES We have seen glyphosate (Round-Up) damage to cherry and apple trees over the past few weeks. In most cases, damage was to young trees, but we have found damage on 15 to 20-year-old tart cherries. Glyphosate damage is easily recognized; the leaves on a branch or the whole tree are small and narrow with a light yellow or pale green color. The leaves may be so narrow they resemble conifer-type needles rather than broad leaves. This type of foliage has been described as having “mouse-ear” leaves. If growers see glyphosate damage on either a branch or a whole tree, the symptoms give the plant an unhealthy and stressed appearance. The damage showing up this spring probably occurred with late summer-early fall glyphosate applications. This is the time when trees are storing reserves in the roots for next year’s growth. The activity of glyphosate on weeds is the same in fruit trees: the product must be applied to green tissue to be effective. Glyphosate does not move through the roots via soil application because glyphosate is quickly tied up by soil particles. To have glyphosate damage in fruit trees, the product must have contacted the tree itself, either directly sprayed onto a branch or the trunk, or by drift of spray droplets. Glyphosate contact in the latter part of the season causes the tree to take up the herbicide and translocate it to the roots, storing it with the carbohydrates. In spring, the tree moves its reserves, including the herbicide back to the canopy, and symptoms become visible on the foliage. Spring damage symptoms can often be explained by one of the following: 1) glyphosate is applied to young trees ( less than third leaf), 2) applications of glyphosate are made late in the season, or 3) when applications are made without a proper weed boom or other tree protection strategies at later application timings. The general rule of thumb for timing glyphosate is to apply no later than July. This date is variable depending on yearly weather conditions affecting tree bark development and nutrient movement inside the tree. A glyphosate application date in one year may be problematic in another season under a different set of weather conditions. Applications of glyphosate are not recommended for apple trees younger than the third leaf. Use of a non-porous tree wrap or even water-based latex paint will help prevent glyphosate uptake by young bark. Lastly, if growers decide to apply this herbicide later than July, a shield-protected boom on the weed sprayer is necessary, but not foolproof. Growers who are using glyphosate sprays only to control weeds in the tree row need to be especially mindful of sprays on the lower trunk that may be absorbed by young suckers or even by older bark. Many products with the glyphosate active ingredient are now on the market, and these different formulations could be compounding the recent problems. Use of formulations containing surfactants with aggressive uptake properties may be enhancing glyphosate problems in fruit orchards Dr. Christy Sprague of the MSU Crop and Soil Sciences Department wrote a nice article that will help decipher some of the new formulations in order to minimize damage. Although this article was written for those in the row crop arena, it is still valuable for explaining differences in new products and formulations. See the June 9, 2005, Field Crop Advisory Team Alert at: http://www.ipm.msu.edu/CAT05_fld/FC06-09-05.htm#4.
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| American brown rot control in cherries Erin Lizotte, IFP/IPM District Educator, MSUE George Sundin, Plant Pathology American brown rot management is becoming increasingly important as the sugar content in the fruit begins to build and cherries begin to color. Spore production is greater between 59°F and 74°F than at cooler temps, and the optimal temperature for infection is between 67°F and 77°F. Although injury to the fruit may lead to increased infection, the brown rot fungus readily infects when no wound or fruit-to-fruit contact is present. Under ideal conditions, spore production can occur within as few as three days, allowing for epidemic outbreaks after a very short period of time. American brown rot management includes the application of a fungicide two to three weeks before harvest, with subsequent applications every five to ten days. The spray interval is highly dependent on weather conditions and inoculum level. The fungicides labeled for the control of brown rot are listed in the table below. Just a reminder, most of these fungicides are sterol inhibitors (with the exception of Pristine) and therefore do not have activity again cherry leaf spot.
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| High density apple orchard tour The High Density Apple Orchard tour will be held on Thursday, July 10 from 1:00 PM. to 7:00 PM. Please RSVP quickly to: Donna at (800)-767-1345, Fax: 616-693-2317 or email: stewar28@msu.edu. |
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| Monitoring adult blueberry maggot flight is the foundation of an effective protection program for blueberries against this pest. Initial adult emergence is best monitored using yellow sticky boards baited with ammonium acetate (or ammonium carbonate) as a food attractant, because newly emerged females are actively feeding during this pre-oviposition period. These traps should be placed on a stake or hung on an upper branch of a blueberry bush in a perimeter row (south facing side of bushes) with enough foliage cleared from around the trap so leaves don’t stick to it. Hang traps with the colored side down in a V-orientation (see photo). Traps should be deployed before the first anticipated flight in late June, since most flies are expected to be immigrating from wild or non-sprayed hosts outside the commercial planting. If a resident fly population is suspected from previous infestation, a trap placed inside the field is a good idea to detect internal infestations. Traps optimally should be checked twice weekly starting at 700 GDD base 50 until the first fly is caught, triggering fruit protection activities. After the pre-oviposition period is complete, female flies will begin actively searching for fruit to lay eggs in, and there is a trap available that mimics the visual stimulus of a fruit. A green sphere trap, baited with a synthetic fruit volatile lure can be used to monitor fly activity in fields. Again, these traps should be placed in perimeter rows of the field unless there is evidence of a resident population far in the interior. Control of blueberry maggot has been achieved for many years using broad spectrum insecticides. These kill the adult fly on contact and prevent the insect surviving to the point of being able to lay eggs into the fruit. Guthion is highly active against blueberry maggot, with long residual activity and has a seven day pre-harvest interval. The organophosphates Malathion and Imidan are also active, with shorter pre-harvest intervals and potential for use closer to harvest. Carbamates such as Sevin and Lannate and the pyrethroids Asana and Danitol are moderately active on adult fruit flies. As a general rule, our trials in fruit crops against maggot flies have shown lower activity from the pyrethroid chemical class than from the organophosphates. There are several new insecticide products that include blueberry maggot on their labels. These include the neonicotinoids Provado and Assail that are also active on Japanese beetle and aphids. Small plot trials of these products have shown that they protect fruit from maggot infestation, and in large-scale trials over four years in Michigan blueberry farms we found no blueberry maggot infestation in fields treated with Provado during July and early August. The spinosyn-containing compounds SpinTor (non-organic formulation), and Entrust (organic formulation),and Delegate (blueberry maggot suppression) are labeled for blueberry maggot control, but require ingestion by adult flies to be active. In field trials with high pest pressure and two week application intervals, their performance has been rated as good (see table). Performance would be expected to be higher in fields with lower pressure and with less time between applications. GF120 NF Fruit Fly Bait (spinosad) is registered for control of the blueberry maggot and is listed by the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) for use in organic production. Because the primary route of entry into the insect is through ingestion, applying this product during the fruit fly pre-oviposition period is important for optimal performance. GF120 must be applied with specialized equipment, and is designed for low-volume application by air. Field efficacy data is encouraging, but we have limited experience with this novel formulation in large-scale trials in Michigan. The use of Surround WP for fruit fly control is based on creating a protective barrier between the plant and the pest that 1) reduces host recognition of the pest, and 2) prevents adult oviposition (i.e.; egg laying). Because it is not toxic to adult flies like conventional insecticides, complete coverage of the plant is critical. Multiple applications are typically needed to attain initial coverage; further sprays may be necessary to respond to wash-off from rain or excessive wind. Field trials indicate that when adequate coverage is maintained, excellent fruit protection can be achieved, although the white residue makes this not suitable for fruit destined for the fresh market.
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| Grape IPM Workshop July 24 in Scottdale, Berrien County Rufus Isaacs, Mark Longstroth, and Steve Van Timmeren Entomology and Southwest MSU Extension MSU will host an evening IPM workshop and barbeque for southwest Michigan grape growers on Thursday, July 24at the Dongvillo Farm in Scottdale, Michigan. This is part of a series of meetings provided by MSU Extension and National Grape Cooperative, and it will focus on mid-season insect and disease management, crop adjustment, and other timely issues. The meeting will start with a barbeque at the barn at 6:00 PM and updates on insect and disease management trials underway at the Dongvillo farm. We will continue in the vineyard with MSU Extension educators and specialists presenting hands-on training related to scouting for insects and diseases, pest management, and crop estimation and adjustment. Presenters will include members of the MSU Grape Team: Mark Longstroth, Steve Van Timmeren, Rufus Isaacs, Paolo Sabbatini, and Annemiek Schilder. The Dongvillo farm is located at the intersection of Marquette Woods Road and M-139, with the driveway located just south of the intersection on the west side of M-139. This meeting is open to anyone with an interest in growing grapes, and it is free. Restricted Use Pesticide applicator credits will be available. Upcoming meetings Mark your calendars! The pre-harvest IPM workshop will be held on Thursday, August 28 at Lemon Creek Winery on Lemon Creek Road in Berrien County. |
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NW Grape IPM Update “First Friday” meeting |
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| Strawberry black root rot and renovation meeting When: July 10, 2008 – 6:00 to 8:00PM Where: DeLange’s Redberry Farm, 5723 Port Sheldon Road, Hudsonville, Michigan Topics: Dr’s Annemiek Schilder and Jim Hancock of MSU have been working on trying to piece together the strawberry black root rot complex or puzzle over the last few years. Dr. Schilder established some plotwork at this farm that she feels shows some real promise in understanding the nature of this devastating strawberry disease, and some possible strategies for reducing its severity in the future. At this same meeting, we will also review the strawberry renovation practices, including weed control, fertilization, bed width, etc. This will not necessarily be a farm tour, but a chance to look at some interesting plotwork and talk about renovation. We also will look at fall red raspberries. A number of our MSU Small Fruit Specialist Team members will be present for the meeting. Directions to the farm: -From Hudsonville: Three miles west of Hudsonville on Port Sheldon Road, ¼ mile west of 56th Avenue. -From Holland: North on US-31 to Port Sheldon Road, east about 10 miles to farm. |
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| Controlling Japanese beetles in fruit crops Japanese beetles have only one generation per year, but these beetles emerge over a long period in July and August and they live for over 30 days. They feed on the foliage and fruit of various fruit crops grown in Michigan, causing damage to the plant and increasing the risk of fungal disease in fruit. Their emergence during mid-summer can also result in their presence during harvest of some fruit crops, creating a risk of contamination. They are also highly mobile insects and can fly into fields from surrounding areas. This article provides information on insecticide options based on tests over the past few years conducted at the Trevor Nichols Research Complex and at grower’s farms. A few thoughts about trapping Traps are sold widely for Japanese beetle monitoring and control. However, these insects are very easy to see so they can be monitored by looking on the crop – you will know when they are present from the feeding damage and the beetles. Traps are highly attractive and draw beetles to them over large distances, so putting a trap anywhere near your crop fields will draw beetles from the surrounding landscape. Many of the attracted beetles do not get trapped and end up laying eggs in the soil near the trap, so this creates a hot-spot for next season. The take-home message is that traps should be avoided because they will not help reduce Japanese beetle damage in fruit crops. Broad-spectrum options The carbamates Sevin and Lannate provide immediate kill of beetles present during the application. They are also stomach poisons, so if beetles eat treated foliage they will also receive a higher dose. This can be a good property for control of Japanese beetles since they eat so much that a strong dose of insecticide is taken up. Lannate has a short residual activity of a few days, whereas Sevin provides a week or more of protection. Sevin has a three or seven day PHI depending on the crop, and Lannate ranges from 3- 14 days. The organophosphates Guthion and Imidan (buffer Imidan to pH 6.0) both provide excellent lethal activity on adult beetles, although it can take a few days for their effects on Japanese beetles to be seen as the beetles take up the insecticide. They provide 10-14 days of activity, with three to 21 day PHI, depending on the crop. The pyrethroids Danitol, Asana, Brigade, Baythroid, Mustang Max, and Capture give instant knockdown and mortality of adult beetles, with 7-10 days of activity. It is important to remember that the pyrethroid class of insecticides is sensitive to hot and sunny conditions, so performance in mid-summer will be less than that expected in the spring. Beetles that do not receive a lethal dose of pyrethroid may also be repelled from treated fields, providing an additional mode for reducing infestation of crops. PHI’s for pyrethroid insecticides vary widely across crops, so check the label before use or consult the 2008 edition of the MSU Fruit Management Guide on pages 205-206 to compare PHI’s. To order, contact the MSUE Bulletin office at 517-353-6740 Reduced-risk insecticides The labeling of the neonicotinoids Provado, Actara, Assail, Venom, and Clutch for use in some fruit crops provides selective options for Japanese beetle management. These insecticides provide two to five days of lethal activity from the surface residues before being absorbed into the foliage. Thereafter, beetles must eat treated foliage to get a dose of the insecticide. Once inside the foliage, these locally-systemic insecticides are rainfast and provide repellency and knockdown activity, but with much less direct mortality from the residues. These neonicotinoids will also provide some control aphids and leafhoppers. The rate of these insecticides allowed in different crops will have a large impact on their effectiveness, and growers should consider the higher end of the rate range to achieve control of Japanese beetles. Most labels will provide guidance on the rate that is appropriate for control of this pest. Avaunt has been labeled for use in grapes, with Japanese beetle, grape berry moth and leafhoppers (suppression only) on the label. Trials underway this season will determine its performance in Michigan vineyards. Short PHI and organic options For growers looking for beetle control immediately before harvest or in organically grown fruit crops, some selective insecticides with zero day PHI’s can provide a tool to repel beetles and help achieve beetle-free fruit during harvest. Compounds containing neem (Azadirect, Ecozin, Neemix etc.) have a zero day PHI and pyrethrum (Pyganic) has a 12 hour PHI. These compounds are labeled for organic use, and have a short but effective impact on adult Japanese beetles, with some mortality, some knockdown off the crop, and some repellent activity. Typically there is only one to two days of activity against beetles because the residues do not remain active for long. The non-organic form of Pyganic, called Evergreen, also has a 12 hour PHI, and is much more effective against Japanese beetle than Pyganic due to the addition of a chemical that inhibits the beetle’s ability to break down the insecticide. A final option for protection against Japanese beetle is Surround WP, a white clay material applied to create a white coating on the surface of foliage and fruit to provide protection against insects. When applied to provide a good coating (typically requiring two or more applications), Surround has performed very well against Japanese beetle in trials conducted in blueberry and grape. If considering this approach to Japanese beetle control, be aware that the white coating on the fruit may require some removal after harvest to make the fruit marketable. This may be challenging for some types of fruit. For example, in blueberries the white residue was removed well from the surface during processing but deposits in the calyx cup were not removed even after running berries through a typical wet processing line with food grade detergents. Soil-applied insecticides Japanese beetles typically lay their eggs in moist grassy areas and many fruit farms have a large amount of this highly suitable habitat. An additional approach to reducing the impact of Japanese beetles in a farm is to reduce the overall population by targeting the grub stage of this pest to reduce the abundance of beetles in the following year. If the location of high grub densities near fruit fields is known, these areas could be treated with a soil insecticide to get maximum return on this treatment. Our experience in Michigan blueberry fields has been that application of Admire (16 oz per acre) to grassy field perimeters in late June/early July reduced the abundance of beetles on bushes for the first few weeks of their flight period in the next growing season. After that, beetles flying into the area from outside swamped out this effect, so there is only a short-lived benefit from targeting the grubs in fields surrounded by infested grassy areas. However, as part of an overall IPM program to minimize the impact of Japanese beetle, this approach can help reduce the number of beetles growers must control. |
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| New disaster program requires crop insurance The Farm Bill includes mandatory funding for the Tree Assistance Program (TAP) and a new permanent disaster program. Though funding for these programs will not start until next fiscal year (which begins October 1), producers will be allowed to file claims on the 2008 crop. In order to be eligible for these programs, producers must participate in the Federal Crop Insurance Program, or the Noninsured Crop Disaster Assistance Program. Recognizing that the registration date has passed, the Farm Bill legislation includes a mechanism for allowing growers who have not registered for a policy to do so now, thereby enabling them to participate in the disaster programs. USDA is expected to issue a specific form for this purpose in the next few weeks. Registration will be handled by local Farm Service Agency (FSA) offices which will also be promoting the program. The Farm Bill states that growers have 90 days from the enactment of the Farm Bill to sign up if they are not already in a program. According to the USDA, there are about 60 days left until that deadline runs out. Apple growers who have not signed up for the apple crop insurance policy or CAT policy are strongly encouraged to do so once USDA comes out with the new application. |
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| Update of Michigan driver’s license requirements In January Michigan’s Secretary of State, Terry Land, had required applicants for Michigan driver’s licenses to prove permanent residency in the state. This step was based on an opinion by Attorney General, Michael Cox, issued in December 2007. As a result of this new requirement of permanent residency, business leaders, managers, and professionals from other countries, as well as international students, legally residing in Michigan for many years, albeit temporary, were no longer able to obtain a Michigan driver’s license. Governor Granholm had sent a letter to state lawmakers, asking them to move quickly to resolve this issue. In February, bipartisan legislation was passed to restore the ability of all legal residents (temporary and permanent) to obtain a driver’s license. February 15, this new law, Public Act 7 of 2008 (HB 4505) was signed by Governor Granholm. Temporary visitors to Michigan do not need to apply for a Michigan driver’s license. Michigan accepts licenses from other U.S. states and many foreign countries, including Canada and Mexico. Therefore, temporary visitors to Michigan can continue to drive with their licenses and insure their vehicles, if the licenses fall into the acknowledged group. Only residents need to apply for a Michigan license. Different rules apply to commercial drivers. According to a fact sheet issued by the Secretary of State, applicants for an original Michigan driver’s license must present documentation of (1) a valid Social Security Number or proof of ineligibility, (2) legal presence in the United States., (3) identity, and (4) Michigan residency (at least two documents). Social security information will be verified. Documents must be originals or copies certified with a raised seal or stamp. Faxed or photocopied documents will not be accepted. Details on the documentation requirements and the type of documents accepted are available at http://michigan.gov/sos (under the Driver License & State ID tab). To read Dr. Bitsch’s complete newsletter go to her website at http://www.msu.edu/user/bitsch. Under “News” click on “Update of Michigan Driver’s License Requirements” or click on “Agricultural Labor Issues in Michigan” for a list of available newsletters. Please remember that these newsletters serve educational purposes only and do not constitute legal advice. |
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| Regional reports 1 -- Southwest Mark Longstroth Bill Shane Weather The past two weeks had highs in the low 70s to mid-80s and lows in the 50s and 60s. Rainfall ranged from about three-quarters of an inch in the south to two inches in the northern portion of the southwest district. Rainfall totals starting January 1 until now range from around 13 inches in Berrien County to about 22 inches at Fennville.
Tree fruit San Jose scale crawler damage to fruit has been showing up more frequently in recent days. Mite numbers are increasing but not a problem in most sites. Japanese beetles emerged in high numbers in some areas this past weekend. Green apple aphid numbers are still building. Immature stinkbugs are becoming easier to find. Deer are feeding on growing terminal ends of young trees. A greater than normal incidence of deep suture of sweet and tart cherry fruit are being seen this year. This disorder occurs and may be due to hot weather in 2007 during the time fruit buds for 2008 were being formed. The harvest of Goldrich apricot will begin in a few days. Peaches are about 1.75 to 2.25 inches in diameter. Harvest of ‘Phil’s Pride’ a local white peach and the first for the season will begin in a few days followed by PF-1. Revised informal guesstimates for fresh market peaches for southwest Michigan are approximately 60 percent of a full crop. The estimated start of significant commercial ‘Red Haven’ peach harvest for Berrien County is August 6, according to a degree-day model by Bill Shane, MSUE educator. This is approximately eight days later than last year. Powdery mildew and bacterial spot levels are relatively low. Fresh tarnished plant bug and plum curculio damage is relatively rare. Weed spraying and mowing can drive tarnished plant bug into peach trees. Watch for western flower thrip damage to peach and nectarine fruit when hot weather returns. Sweet cherry harvest is in full swing with mid-season varieties such as ‘Schmidt’ and ‘Hedelfingen’ being picked in some places. Brown rot and cherry leaf spot are relatively rare, however the green/brown felt-like symptoms of alternaria fruit rot are increasing, especially on fully mature fruit. Some fruit cracking has occurred, but is generally not a problem. Tart cherry fruit coloring has been slowed by cool weather. Fruit on the outside of trees are red with most interior fruit ranging from straw colored to nearly full red. Mechanical harvests took place on Monday, July 7. Recent rains resulted in a cherry leaf spot infection. Few cherry leaf spot symptoms have been reported. Eastern cherry fruit fly was caught the last week of June in Berrien County. Plums are an inch or more in diameter and the pits are hard. Shoot growth has stopped and growers no longer need to protect against black knot. Plum trees need to be protected from the peach tree borers. Growers should scout for white apple and potato leafhoppers. Apples are 1.7 to 2.3 inches in diameter. Apple scab and fire blight infections are easier to find, but overall these diseases are relatively light. There has been little fire blight oozing due to the dry conditions. Trap catch for codling moth has declined to near zero for most orchards. Codling moth larvae can be found in the fruit. We are now more than halfway through egg hatch for the second generation. We expect apple maggot to be flying after the recent rains and apple maggot traps should be out. Obliquebanded leafroller larvae are hatching and feeding on leaves and fruit. Scouting for small larvae with brown to black head capsules is needed to determine need for control measures. Spotted tentiform leafminer trap catches are high. Two mines per leaf is the damage threshold for this generation. White apple leafhoppers are scarce. European red mites and apple rust mites are causing bronzing in a few locations. Red spots on apple fruit due to San Jose scale crawlers are showing up in a few orchards. Careful monitoring at this point can indicate whether a spray is needed to prevent significant fruit damage. Green aphid populations are climbing. Young trees should be examined for potato leafhopper. Dogwood borer moth began emerging in mid-June, indicating the need for trunk sprays in orchards with burr knots attractive to the insect. Pears are about 1.5 inches in diameter with June drop ending. Pear psylla numbers are generally low. Fire blight can be seen in the area, but is not generally a problem. Small fruit Blueberry harvest began last week\ with the harvest of Weymouth. The general harvest of early varieties began this week in Van Buren County. Fruitworm feeding damage can still be found. Blueberry maggot flies are out. Preharvest sprays primarily target the diseases alternaria and anthracnose, as well as Japanese beetle and blueberry maggot. Grapes are at or approaching berry touch. Concord grape berries are predicted to be at half of their final weight at 1200 GDD (Base 50F) past April 1. The current GDD sum is approximately 1000 to 1100, and warmer locations will reach 1200 by the weekend. Many growers have already applied their second post bloom spray. Grape leafhoppers are scarce. Wine grapes need to be protected from potato leafhoppers. Wine grapes need to be protected from potato leafhoppers. Grape berry moth trap catches are down indicating the end of the first generation. Larval stings can be found on some berries. Fungicides in the post bloom period should target all four major fruit diseases; powdery mildew, downy mildew, black rot and phomopsis. Strawberry harvest has ended and growers have begun renovation. Raspberry and blackberry harvest is underway. Some fruiting canes are collapsing due to disease or winter injury. Growers should be prepared to protect against Japanese beetles. Primocanes in fall bearing raspberries are about three feet tall. bloom is ending and there are pinhead fruit. Upcoming meetings The next Monday Fruit Update meeting will be in two weeks on Monday, July 21 at the Fruit Acres Farm in Berrien County. The annual Viticulture Day at the Southwest Michigan Research and Extension Center will be July 30. The cost is $20 before July 18 and $25 after July 18. A registration form is available at the Van Buren County MSUE Website; http://web1.msue.msu.edu/vanburen/vitregform.pdf. |
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| 2 -- Southeast Bob Tritten Weather Typical summer-like weather has occurred over the last two weeks with a good amount of heating and precipitation. Most of east Michigan has received between 1.5 and 2.5 inches of rain, most occurring last Wednesday and Thursday (July 2 - 3). I have not heard of any reports of hail from these storms. Our season remains about normal in terms of degree day totals and is still running a bit ahead of normal when I look at the beginning of harvest for fruit crops, most notably the start of summer black and red raspberry harvest. Southeast Michigan growing degree day totals for March 1 to July 7
Tree fruit Apples continue to size very nicely, with most being in the range 1.5 to 1.75 inches, and some, such as ‘Honeycrisp’, now at two inches. A slight amount of apple drop continues in many blocks. Growers are continuing to hand thin apples in a few blocks, however most are pretty well set for the season. Deer browsing damage is more prevalent than the last five years. Apple maggot emergence occurred last week, most likely as a result of rainfall on Wednesday and Thursday. Remember that apple maggot will spend a little over a week feeding in trees before beginning egg laying. Codling moth trap catches have been all over the board these last few weeks. A few blocks have seen increased trap catch, and most have seen a decrease. I have even seen a few larvae in fruit. So, where we are currently at with codling moth is a bit of a mystery if I look at trap catch numbers across the region. There is a chance that the A and B flights have been compressed with more moths flying over a longer time. A few blocks biofixed last week for the second generation. Oriental fruit moth trap catch is generally low, ranging from zero to eight per trap. I have seen a few obliquebanded leafroller larvae, and trap catch remains low. I am continuing to catch obliquebanded leafrollers in codling moth traps. Japanese beetle have been seen in a few more apple blocks than a few weeks ago, they are mostly feeding on viney vegetation on the orchard floor. Rose chafers were also reported at a few farms. Green apple aphids are pretty well under control in most varieties, however there are a few exceptions where they have been found on fruit. Generally, predators have taken most of them out. Spotted tentiform leafminer adults are on the rise for the second generation flight. Dogwood borer adults continue to be seen, however there numbers are generally low. Potato leafhopper has been doing some leaf curling and yellowing apple foliage in a few blocks; they need to be watched closely. White apple leafhopper numbers remain low across the region. European red mites are above threshold in just a few blocks of apples; predators are doing a good job of controlling them in most blocks. Two spotted spider mite adults and eggs are hit and miss with most blocks being well below threshold. Apple rust mites continue to be seen, however the numbers are generally low. I am seeing a good number of predators over the last two weeks. Most notably are high populations of green and brown lacewings. A few growers are reporting new strikes of fireblight, particularly in the thumb area. Apple scab is generally under control across the region, however I am still seeing what I believe are a few active lesions out there. Some light amounts of cedar apple rust are also starting to be seen. Sooty blotch and flyspeck control needs to begin at most farms. Pears are currently at 1.375 to 1.5 inches in diameter. Generally at this time of year, pears don’t size very rapidly. Fireblight has also been seen in pears over the last two weeks, with some blocks being hit heavily. Fabraea leaf spot continues to be seen in a few blocks of pears. Peaches are mostly in the range of 1.5 to 1.625 inches in diameter. A few growers are starting to see rose chafer adults in peach foliage, however they are not feeding on fruit. Oriental fruit moth trap catches are generally down in peaches across the region. X-disease is being seen commonly in many peach blocks across the region. Bacterial spot of foliage and fruit continues to be seen in a few blocks. Sweet cherry harvest is on the downhill side or wrapping up across the region at most farms. Where sweet cherries are present, most farms had a pretty good crop. Fruit quality was excellent this year, and up until the rain event of last week, cracking was generally minimal. Cherry fruit fly trap catch has been very heavy in a few blocks of sweet cherries over the last two weeks. Remember that once emergence occurs, cherry fruit fly will spend eight or ten days feeding in the trees before laying eggs. I think that most sweet cherry growers will be pretty much done with sweet cherry harvest when larvae will be present. Tart cherry harvest is well underway across the region as well. Fruit quality appears to be very good. Brown rot has been reported in a few blocks of tart cherries. Plums continue to size fairly well with most being in the range of 1.0 to 1.125 inches in diameter. I have seen a few plum curculio larvae in plums over the last week. Black knot is also starting to be seen in some of the more susceptible plum varieties. Small fruit Strawberry harvest is pretty well wrapped up across the region. Growers are now beginning the renovation process; I encourage growers to begin renovation quickly as strawberry harvest concludes. I have seen a few strawberry blocks where two-spotted spider mites were a bit of a concern, however with the renovation process that should break their life cycle fairly effectively for the rest of the season. Most strawberry growers reported an excellent strawberry crop this year with a long season. There was excellent demand for pick-your-own-strawberries this year. Newly planted strawberries are continuing to runner well, some have filled the row. Raspberry harvest is underway for some of the early fruiting summer red and black raspberries. Harvest will begin on other varieties in about five to seven days. I also started to see some sunburn in some plantings. Fall red raspberries are about 24 to 30 inches in length, and appear to be growing quite well. Raspberry cane borer are starting to be seen in a few blocks of fall red raspberries. Japanese beetles are beginning to feed in foliage of raspberries. There is some anthracnose in raspberries this season. Blueberries continue more toward harvest. The early varieties are now turning a pink color. I have not had any reports of blueberry maggot trap catch, however my trapping is limited to just a few farms. I suspect that since we have seen apple maggot emergence, that blueberry maggot emergence has occurred as well. If emergence occurred late last week as a result of rainfall, that would mean that control measures need to be applied in about five days or so. |
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| 3 -- Grand Rapids Area Phil Schwallier Amy Irish-Brown Carlos Garcia-Salazar Weather Degree day totals continue to run right about at normal average accumulations for this time of the year. We are currently at only a half of a day behind the normal average. Trees are growing nicely with all the rains over the past two or three weeks, and all tree fruits appear to be sizing well. Sweet cherry harvest is quickly coming to an end, it looks like yields will be much reduced this year due to many factors from winter injury to spring frosts, heavy rains and fruit cracking. With the storms that moved through the area last Wednesday, July 2, we expect to start seeing initial trauma blight symptoms start to show up later this week. It usually takes about nine or ten days at normal temperatures to start seeing the initial wilting of tissue. We’re hoping we don’t see any, but you should be on the look out for it. Tree fruit A regional biofix for codling moth was set on May 24. Our degree day accumulations since then are right around 670 for most stations, that puts us past peak egg hatch, but cover sprays need to still be maintained for another 10 days or so. We’ve accumulated about 560 DD base 42 since the regional biofix on June 14 for obliquebanded leafrollers. This indicates that egg hatch is well underway and small larvae should start to be found at any time in apple blocks. Japanese beetles have started to show up in the southern areas of the Ridge and are expected in areas to the north at any time. Controls for green apple aphids and both white apple leafhopper nymphs and potato leafhoppers should be considered if they are present in your blocks. All stages of European red mites, from eggs to adults can be found, but populations seem to be in check in most blocks. The heavy rains lately have probably helped with that. Continue to monitor mites closely. By the end of this week or over the weekend, we will probably accumulated enough degree days base 45 from my May 8 regional biofix to get to the beginning of egg hatch for the second generation of Oriental fruit moth. Cover sprays in peaches and plums will need to be started again by the weekend to prevent feeding damage to fruits and shoots. Be sure you double check the PHI of the materials you are using as we get closer to harvest. No apple maggots have been trapped or reported, but the heavy rains lately could drive them out of the soil. Traps need to be up, if they aren’t already. Be sure to add something in for summer diseases, both sooty blotch and fly speck could start to show up at anytime. By adding fungicides for summer diseases, you prevent the expression of these diseases. |
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| 4 -- West Central Mira Danilovich Weather and crop development The weekly rain pattern continues. The region has received more than half of the normal precipitation for the month in only two wetting events. Temperatures were mainly into the 70s with the exception of the last two days, when they began inching up into the low 80s. The night temperatures stayed into the 40s and 50s. Soil moisture is satisfactory. Fruit is sizing well. Apples are more than an inch in diameter. It appears that there are more apples than originally anticipated in the southern parts of the district (Oceana County). For Mason and Manistee counties, the original estimate still stands. Tart cherry harvest will start by the end of this week. Sweet cherries have started to trickle onto the local markets and are generating high price per pound. Recent rain and high humidity are impacting their quality by inducing splitting. Pears, peaches and plums are sizing well. West Central Michigan growing degree day totals from March 1 as of Monday, July 7
Insect activity is still quite high. Codling moth numbers have gone up since last week. The degree-day model indicates that codling moths have past peak egg-laying and are nearing the end of first-generation emergence. American plum borer numbers are showing an overall down-trend, though there has been a slight increase in trap catches compared to last week. There is no significant change in greater peach tree borer trap catch numbers since last week; they have stayed about the same. Lesser peach tree borer numbers have doubled in a week’s time. Obliquebanded leafrollers are at the peak egg-hatching. Small larvae are being found throughout the area. Trap catches have dropped from 22.7 to eight moths per trap. Since the second-generation biofix on June 22, Oriental fruit moth numbers are on the rise. First sprays for the second-generation control are being applied this week. Cherry fruit fly numbers are still relatively low, only one cherry fruit fly per trap. There has been no report of apple maggot catches yet. There are increased numbers of aphids, Japanese beetles, leaf hoppers and tarnished plant bugs throughout the area. |
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| 5 -- Northwest Nikki Rothwell Duke Elsner Erin Lizotte Rob Sirrine Growing degree day accumulations at NWMHRS GDD42 1400 GDD50 816 Growth Stages at NWMHRS as of July 8 Apples are at 30-35 mm. Bartlett pears have 34 mm fruit. Sweet cherries: Hedelfingen and Napoleon have 19 mm fruit. Gold has 18 mm fruit. Tart cherries: Montmorency has 18 mm fruit and Balaton has 19 mm fruit Apricots have 30 mm fruit. Plums are 25 mm. Grapes are in buckshot. Weather The Fourth of July holiday weekend was perfect summer weather!Temperatures were in the mid-70s to mid-80s. With these warm temperatures, we have accumulated growing degree days (GDD) more quickly than our past 2008 summer weekends. As of the morning of Tuesday, July 8, we have accumulated 1400 GDD base 42 and 816 base 50. We are still considerably behind where we were at the same time last season. A little over a quarter of an inch of rain fell last Wednesday, and we received a small amount of rain on Monday morning (less than 0.01-inch)at the NWMHRS. Areas in Benzie and Manistee counties received much more rain: 2.5 - 4 inches. This morning, July 8, there is high humidity, lots of mist, and very warm temperatures. There were reports of hail this past Thursday in Leelanau County. Crop report Sweet cherry harvest has begun in southern areas in the region. By the end of the week, we anticipate most receiving stations to be at or moving toward full swing. The rain will be a challenge to fruit with frost scars and other weather-related damage. Tart cherries are beginning to color, and overall cherry size still seems on the small side so far this season. Apples are sizing well (30 - 35mm but due to hail and windy conditions, fire blight has been more prevalent than in past years. Strawberry harvest is winding down, and most growers have finished picking this season. Cherries are ripening throughout the region, and the first few sweet cherry stands are popping up. As the fruit begins to color, and the weather warms and humidity soars, American brown rot continues to be a concern. Cherry leaf spot symptoms are becoming more noticeable, and some areas have relatively high pressure this year. We are also receiving grower reports of powdery mildew at high levels in area orchards. We have caught our second cherry fruit fly at the NWMHRS; these numbers are tremendously low compared to past years. Obliquebanded leafroller numbers are holding steady at the station trap line with about 25 per trap. Lesser peach tree borer is still emerging with 10-15 per trap; this week only one American plum borer was caught. Greater peach tree borers are continuing to emerge with an average of three moths per trap at the station. We are seeing symptoms of scab throughout the region, and as late as last week, we saw new infections developing on leaves. Symptoms of fire blight are becoming more obvious, with some area orchards exhibiting signs of relatively new infections. Infected shoots should be pruned out as soon as possible to prevent further spread and trauma blight infections later in the season. Codling moth numbers are still relatively high with 22-31 per trap at the station. Obliquebanded leafroller numbers are still around 20 per trap, and spotted tentiform leafminer are on the rise again with nine to 59 per trap. We caught an average of five Oriental fruit moths per trap at the station. Powdery mildew is being seen at low levels in area vineyards. Potato leafhoppers and rose chafers are also at lower levels than usual. Although rare in northwest Michigan, Phomopsis cane and leaf spot has been observed in one area vineyard at high levels. The cool, wet weather this spring was ideal for disease development. Grape tumid gallmaker has also been spotted in the region. Early blooming varieties of grape are now in bloom. |
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| Weather news A cold front will pass through the state this afternoon and evening producing showers and thunderstorms. Rainfall amounts could be more then an inch in the Upper Peninsula by the evening of Tuesday, July 8 with more limited rainfall extending across the entire state between one quarter and a half inch. The majority of the rainfall should persist until early Wednesday morning when it will leave eastern Michigan. Behind the front will be clear skies and less humid conditions. The small dip in temperatures will be reversed by Friday leading into the weekend with warmer temperatures across the state. Temperatures during the next couple days will dip lower because of the passing cold front. Temperatures stay steady across the state until Friday when a general warming trend picks the temperatures up. On Friday, highs will be in the upper 70s in the north to upper 80s in the south. Lows will be in the low to mid-60s across the state. For the weekend, temperatures will be in the upper 70s in the north to upper 80s in the south. The National Weather Service 6 ‑ 10 day outlook covering July 13 through July 17 calls for above normal temperatures and precipitation across the state. The outlook for the 8 - 14 day period (July 15 - 21) also calls for above normal temperatures and precipitation. The long term outlook shows that conditions for the rest of the month should be near normal with a gradual shift back to a more seasonable range in conditions. |
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