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| Field Crop Advisory Team Alert newsletter | |||||||
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| Vol. 23, No. 9, June 5, 2008 |
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| In this issue Insect update Aphids appear - Right on schedule Ice versus insects Improve profits with timely postemergence herbicide applications in soybean Growing non-GMO soybeans? Come to an afternoon session at the 2008 MSU Weed Tour MSU Crop Diagnostic School is July 18 Wheat scab update Enviro-weather can help you time alfalfa cutting Regional reports Weather |
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| Insect update |
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| There are reports of spraying for cutworm in Michigan, but these have been predicable situations where crops were planted into a weed mat (especially chickweed) that was previously infested with cutworm, then killed with herbicide. There are also some reports of seedcorn maggots reducing stand. Again, these were predictable situations where seed was planted into a weed mat that was recently killed or tilled under. Fresh decaying tissue is highly attractive to egg laying females, so these fields or parts of fields are at risk for maggot infestation. Finally, alfalfa weevil feeding is heavy in some fields in the southwest. These fields should be cut, and then reevaluated for weevil numbers to determine if treatment is needed. | |||||||
| Rootworm hatch is expected to be delayed in the Midwest. This could be a problem in early-planted corn because soil insecticide and seed treatments begin to break down at planting. Control may be less if the interval between planting and emergence is long. Also, if the corn is further along when rootworms hatch, there may be more damage. Why? The root system is larger, so larvae are able to find a root easier after hatching, increasing larval survival and feeding. A concern in many states is the replanting of acres due to wet conditions, frost damage, and other environmental factors. A reminder that in July and August, late-planted fields, which are younger relative to surrounding fields, are at greater risk from and are more attractive to certain insects such as second generation European corn borer, soybean aphid infestation, or second generation bean leaf beetle feeding and pod clipping. |
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| Aphids appear - Right on schedule They’re here…..Soybean aphids are colonizing soybeans just as plants emerge from the ground. The nymphs are on the new growth, and are difficult to see because they are on the hairiest part of the plant. On June 4 at MSU, my graduate student, Desmi, reported that 60 percent of the plants in one of her research plots had winged aphids. No predators were seen on the infested plants. This field emerged over the weekend of May 30-31, so the winged aphids were likely deposited the first few days of June when a storm front moved across central Michigan. On closer examination, only about 30 percent of the plants have soybean aphid, these plants have a winged female plus babies on the new growth (Figure 1). This is still an impressive percent colonization, reminiscent of last years’ early colonization near Frankenmuth. We will monitor the MSU field to see if populations increase. Remember my prediction for soybean aphid for 2008 - low populations in states that had an outbreak in 2007, but maybe some hot spots in Michigan that dodged high populations last season. On the remaining 30 percent of the plants, the winged aphids are not soybean aphid. Instead, in most cases they appear to be Capitophorus elaeagni (Figure 2), an aphid species that feeds on Elaeagnus. In Michigan, a common member of this plant genus is the tree Russian olive. Plants with Capitophorus females do not have nymphs, because soybean is not its host plant. They will eventually move on in search of their host. Winged aphids of many species are picked up on winds, carried, and dropped out onto fields, so it is no surprise to find aphids of several species landing in soybean after a rain event.
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| Ice versus insects Every year, there are a few calls about mysterious insect damage that turns out to be frost or hail damage. Here are a few quick tips that add up to damage from ice versus insects. Distribution of damage in space. The damage is found at the same level across the entire field. In contrast, insect damage is often patchy, worse in some areas than others, or concentrated along edges or in areas of poor crop growth. Distribution of damage in time. Leaves with damage are of a similar age (hit at same time with hail or frost), while new growth is not affected. In contrast, with an active insect infestation, you would expect at least some new growth to be damaged. In some cases (for example, aphids), insects actually concentrate on juicy new growth. Damage to neighboring crops and weeds. The same type of damage is found on larger weeds in the field, on plants along the edge of the field, and in neighboring, especially different, crops. This indicates a widespread event affecting many plants, i.e., weather-related. Lack of consumption. After a hailstorm, leaves may be tattered, torn and ripped, but leaf tissue itself is not necessarily missing. The tattered leaf can often be "reconstructed" by aligning the tears. With frost damage too, the leaf is initially intact, not missing parts. In contrast, feeding by defoliating insects removes leaf tissue. Lack of bugs or signs. No insect pest is found, or at least consistently found, associated with the damage. There is also a lack of shed skins, frass (bug poo), slime trails, or other signs that insects or slugs were present. Café gossip. The talk in the coffee shop is about a big thunderstorm or a cold morning, not about critters. |
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| Improve profits with timely postemergence herbicide applications in soybean Early season weed competition may be one of the biggest contributors to unseen yield losses in soybean. Appropriately timing postemergence herbicide applications is critical to preserving crop yields. Several studies have shown that delaying postemergence weed control strategies can substantially reduce crop yield. This has become more of a concern with the large number of glyphosate-resistant crop acres that rely on postemergence applications of glyphosate for weed control. We are not saying that postemergence herbicide application timings are not important in non-glyphosate-resistant crops; but herbicides generally used in these crops are most effective on small weeds. Therefore, growers that are growing non-glyphosate-resistant crops are probably already making postemergence herbicide applications early. If they are not, it is important to also follow the below outlined guidelines for postemergence herbicide applications. In glyphosate-resistant soybeans, there is the temptation to delay postemergence glyphosate applications until all of the weeds have emerged. Delaying these applications can rob soybean of its maximum yield potential. As mentioned before, research throughout the Midwest and Canada has shown the importance of early season weed control. For example, research conducted in Ontario has shown that delaying herbicide applications more than four weeks after soybean emergence can reduce yield approximately 0.75 bushel per acre/day. Over a four-year period MSU conducted research to study the effect of glyphosate application timing and row spacing on corn and soybean yield loss from weed competition. This research showed that in at least one of the years that this research was conducted, if weeds were allowed to reach six inches in height before control, yield was reduced in narrow row soybean and 30-inch row corn. Depending on when this yield loss occurred, soybean yield was reduced from 2.5 to 5.5 bushel/acre/day. This starts to add up when you consider the economics. Considering these crop loss estimates, delaying herbicide applications three days would cost you any where from $97.50 to $214.50/acre in soybean ($13.00 new crop soybean). Waiting to make postemergence herbicide applications can cost you money. Therefore, it is important to follow the recommendations below to avoid yield losses due to early season weed competition. Recommendations: Weeds should be controlled in:
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| Growing non-GMO soybeans? Come to an afternoon session at the 2008 MSU Weed Tour MSU’s Annual Weed Control Tour will take place Wednesday, July 2 starting at 9:30 AM. The tour will start at the MSU Plant Pathology Research Center, located on College Road, just north of Jolly Road. Registration will begin at 9:00 AM. The morning tour will provide participants ample opportunity to look at research plots and participate in some short field presentations in field crops. The morning tour ends with lunch. New this year, participants will have the choice of attending the MSU Horticultural Weed Control Tour at the MSU Horticulture Farm (College Road, south of Jolly Road) or a tour that focuses on weed control options in non-GMO (non-Roundup Ready) soybeans. Both of these tours will begin after lunch at 1:00 PM. The non-GMO tour will start at the MSU Plant Pathology Research Center. This tour will include discussions of herbicide options for weed control in non-GMO soybean, as well as, cultural practices such as rotary hoeing and cultivation that are available. Pre-registration for the tour is $25 per person which includes a tour booklet and a lunch ticket. Registration the day of the event is $35. Participants can register online at www.msuweeds.com, or by contacting Deb Misiak at 517-355-0271 ext. 1112, email: misiak@msu.edu. |
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| MSU Crop Diagnostic School is July 18 Want to sharpen your diagnostic skills and stay on top of the latest information in production agriculture? If so, we have the perfect opportunity for you. We would like to invite you to attend the 6th annual MSU Crop Diagnostic School. This event is scheduled for Friday, July 18 at the MSU Plant Pathology Research Center on the south side of the MSU campus. This event is open to all who are actively involved in production agriculture: growers, agri-business reps, Extension educators, and agency personnel. Participants will have the opportunity to hone their field decision-making and problem-solving skills as they interact with MSU Extension specialists in small groups while participating in hands-on field activities. This year’s Crop Diagnostic School will focus on the topics of: nutrient sampling techniques, western corn rootworm, fungicidal seed treatments, bioenergy crops, and herbicide issues. Approval is pending for RUP credits and continuing education units for certified crop advisors (CCA). The $125 registration fee is due July 10. Participation is limited to the first 150 paid registrations. Participants can register online at www.msuweeds.com. For additional information call 517-355-0271, ext. 1104 or e-mail litchfi9@msu.edu. A brochure with the registration form is enclosed in this issue and can be found here. |
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| Wheat scab update Rainy, warm weather one to two weeks in advance of flowering allows development of inoculum, and sets the stage for infection of wheat during flowering by fusarium head blight (FHB). Until last weekend, the weather in much of Michigan was too dry and cool to provide optimum conditions for the FHB fungus to sporulate. We now have favorable weather for FHB and the risk level increases the longer that those weather conditions continue. Wheat is most vulnerable to infection and subsequent development of DON (vomitoxin) from flowering to early grain fill. As rainy, warm conditions are just beginning, wheat that is flowering now is at lower risk of infection by FHB than wheat that is just heading or expected to head in the next few days. The FHB model at the Pennsylvania State University web site, www.wheatscab.psu.edu shows a low risk of an FHB epidemic (greater than 10 percent field severity) for Michigan as of Wednesday, June 4. If you recently visited the Penn State site, you may have experienced some difficulty accessing individual weather station locations. They have been temporarily disabled for repairs to the system, and will hopefully be back up soon. You can still get the state map with color coding for epidemic risk green (low risk), yellow (medium risk) and red (high risk). Select the assessment date for your wheat by clicking on the date the wheat was at 15-25 percent flowering. You can get seven days of actual weather inputs into the model by clicking on the “0” in the upper left hand corner of the screen, a 24-hour forecast plus six days of actual weather inputs by clicking on the “24”, or a 48-hour forecast plus five days of actual weather inputs by clicking on the “48.” For example, with the assessment date set to June 4, clicking on “48”would give you the epidemic risk predicted for June 6 today’s date plus 48 hours. The DONcast model at the Weather Innovations Inc. website is not offering a general forecast map this year. The Ontario Wheat Board has sponsored site specific forecasts for grower fields instead. Ron Pitblado of Weather Innovations, Inc. has been kind enough to share some of the predictions for DON levels from several locations in Ontario. Heading dates of June 2 and June 4 were selected for each location, and predicted DON levels are shown for a range of dates from three days before and after heading. The wheat variety for these predictions is the red variety 25R47, with a previous crop of soybeans in 2007 and no-till. Lucknow is about as far north as Bad Axe, and Essex is south of Detroit, but north of Monroe.
There are several fungicides labeled for suppression of FHB and DON. In multi-state, multi-year uniform fungicide tests, Proline, Proline + Folicur (3 oz each) and Caramba provided about equal suppression of DON. Proline + Folicur suppressed field symptoms by about 52 percent, followed by Caramba (50 percent), Proline (48 percent), Folicur (40 percent) and Tilt (32 percent). Growers who applied one of the above fungicides at heading may be wondering if the product will provide any protection against head scab. The further away from flowering that the product is applied, the less the protection against FHB. The optimum timing for a fungicide to suppress FHB is at about 15-25 percent flowering (Feekes’ 10.5.1). Several fungicides are labeled up to Feekes 10.5.2 (50 percent flowering) which allows for a slightly longer window for application. Caramba, Folicur, Proline and Proline/Folicur tank mixes have a 30-day preharvest interval. Tilt has a 40-day preharvest interval. |
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| Enviro-weather can help you time alfalfa cutting Growing degree days are an effective measure for harvesting alfalfa fields at peak quality. In years with adequate rainfall, Allen et al. recommend: “Begin cutting alfalfa at 750 GDD (base 41 degrees F) for upright silos and 680 GDD (base 41 degrees F) for horizontal silos. Start even earlier for horizontal silos if it takes more than a week to finish harvesting. Getting the numbers to actively use this advice is easier now with a report on Enviro-weather (enviroweather.msu.edu). From the Enviro-weather home page, select the weather station located closest to you. From the station page, choose “field crops.” From the field crops page, select alfalfa cutting model to create a report of accumulated growing degree days. This tool also provides a 7-day forecast, so you can plan around rainfall or other events. When the degree-day goals of 680 and 750 are reached, the numbers are highlighted in red for a quick visual. Enviro-weather strives to deliver weather data that is timely, relevant, and understandable, and we look for feedback from our users to make it more so. Please contact us (eweather@msu.edu) if you have ideas for other weather-based applications. Reference 1. Allen, Mike, Rich Leep, and Jeff Andresen. Timing Spring Alfalfa Harvest - The Final Word? In Forage Information Systems @ Michigan State Univeristy - Extension. http://web1.msue.msu.edu/fis/extension_documents/Timing_First_Spring_Alfalfa_Harvest.htm
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Regional reports Weather has varied greatly this week, first it was sunny and nice, then foggy and cool, and now we are to the end of the week at or near 90°F. With the foggy weather of Tuesday and Wednesday (June 3-4), we had about a half-inch of rain. Starting Friday, May 31, soils have finally started to warm up into the mid-50s and into the low 60s. We do not need any stormy weather, hail or damaging winds with the hot temperatures forecast for today and tomorrow. Crop report Alfalfa is being cut as weather conditions allow. Some fields are moldboard plowed after the first cutting has been removed. Potato leafhoppers have arrived from the south on the warm, northerly winds. Corn is finally starting to really grow, with advanced fields at the V5 leaf stage. No corn was knee high on June 4, but the warmer soil temperatures are allowing for good root and plant growth. Side dressing nitrogen is in full swing. One nitrogen side dressing plot was put in Monroe County and another is scheduled for Lenawee County next week. One farmer has reported re-planting corn due to grub damage. Another farmer called about yellow corn on sandy soils, which likely does not have much organic matter, Cation exchange capacity or nutrient holding capacity, such as for nitrogen. European corn borer traps were placed into corn fields in Monroe, Wayne, Lenawee and Washtenaw counties on Tuesday. Soybeans are also growing nicely now, with most fields at the V2 leaf stage. Weed control will be an issue in many fields. No one has reported any soybean aphids. Wheat is flowering and the cloudy, foggy and misty weather of Tuesday and Wednesday will likely cause some Fusarium infection to occur. We dodged the bullet of very hot air temperatures last weekend, but the near term forecast is for temperatures reaching the upper 80s or even the low 90s. We have had generally very good weather for wheat growth in May and there is the prospect for good yields. Miscellaneous Soil nitrate samples will go to MSU on Wednesday, June 11. Having the Stanley Cup safe in Detroit will help ease the pain of the Tiger’s performance! |
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2 -- Southwest There has been increased rainfall and humidity in the southwest region over the last week. While there has not been widespread heavy rainfall during this period, most areas have seen at least 0.3 to 0.5 of an inch, with localized pockets receiving significantly more precipitation. Temperatures have moderated, which has helped corn and soybeans to improve growth. Crop report The earliest planted commercial corn fields are approaching V5, with most fields at V2 - V3. Growers are beginning to side dress nitrogen. Weed control issues are beginning to become a challenge in some fields where pre-emergence herbicides have been applied. There are some small grasses coming through in some fields, which look to be mostly fall panicum. For glyphosate resistant fields, we are seeing significant weed growth. With warmer temperatures in the forecast, we may see weed growth and potential competition from weeds increase very quickly, so producers that are relying on total post emergence programs may want to be ready to spray to protect yield potential. Seed corn planting continues. Most fields are planted, but some growers are waiting on seed arrivals from Hawaii and other tropical places to finish up. Most fields look good, with a few fields having the same issues as commercial corn with grass weeds coming through pre-emergence herbicide programs. Be sure to visit with your seed company representatives for recommendations on post emergence weed control options that will work with the inbreeds in your fields. Soybean planting is mostly complete. We are working on the second tri-foliate leaves on the more advanced fields. Some fields have limited signs of bean leaf beetle feeding, but not at anything approaching threshold levels. Most soybean fields are looking good. We will probably have similar concerns with post emergence weed control in soybeans that we have with corn, except that soybeans are more tolerant of early competition. Watch for rapid development of weeds and be prepared to spray quickly if the plants become stressed. Producers have been struggling to find windows of opportunity to harvest hay over the last week. Productivity of alfalfa was down, but grasses have helped to bolster yields in mixed forages being harvested. I have not seen leafhoppers at this time. Mike Staton reports that some fields in Berrien County have seen alfalfa weevil larvae damage on regrowth alfalfa. Wheat began to flower last weekend. Many fields are at full flower in St. Joseph County. Splash and dash thunderstorms, which followed irrigation on several fields in St. Joseph and Kalamazoo counties, could have significantly increased the risk for fusarium head blight. This may especially be true for fields where commercial or seed corn was produced last season. With the increased rainfall, higher levels of humidity and chance for showers around 30-40 percent for the next several days, producers may be trying to apply fungicides to help prevent scab. I would encourage growers to review the MSU fusarium head blight control information to be sure that they understand the growth stage, potential for control and pre-harvest interval for any fungicides you choose to apply. |
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3 -- West Central A few tenths up to 1 inch of rain fell in much of the region over the past week. High temperatures have been in the mid-60s to upper 70s. Low air temperatures have been in the mid- 40s to mid-50s. Low soil temperatures have been in the upper 50s to mid-60s Crop report Alfalfa is budding. Alfalfa weevil damage has increased with larvae present. Growing degree day base 41 (GDD 41) are near 750 at most weather stations in the area. Harvest is underway despite the light rain showers; much of this is being harvested as haylage. The majority of the corn crop is at the V1 to V2 growth stage with a few advanced fields at V4 and others only just emerging. Planting is by and large complete. Color and growth has improved in the last week with the warmer temperatures. The majority of the soybean crop has been planted. Early planted fields that were planted into good soil moisture have emerged and are at V1 to V2 while others are waiting for more rain. Many fields appear to have questionable stands however many of these fields have beans that are still emerging. Wheat is fully headed and is about to flower, with some early fields flowering now. Foliar disease pressure remains fairly low with powdery mildew present in some varieties low in the canopy. The soils in many wheat fields are quite dry in the Montcalm area. Dry bean planting has begun and will be in full swing when the weather forecast clears up. |
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4 -- Central The region received light rains last Friday, May 30. The amount varied from six-tenths of an inch in the north part of the region to less than two-tenths in the southern part. Top soil moisture is getting very short and a good rain would be welcomed. We are now better able to evaluate the frost damage from last week. It appears there were areas where temperatures were low enough to cause crop injury or death. Some replanting is being done. Soil temperatures have improved dramatically over the past week going from the low 50s to near 70°F this week. Crop report The corn crop is progressing slowly with some 10-inch corn down to just emerging. There were areas where frost damaged some areas of fields. For the most part most growers are not reporting severe damage. Weed control is being applied. Herbicides are working slowly with the cool weather, but that should change this week. Nitrogen applications are being made. There is still time to do PSNTs to determine nitrogen needs for the crop. The soybean crop is making slow progress with some growers still wrapping up planting. Stands are generally good but not great. Emergence has been a problem in several areas. We lost large areas of some fields due to the frost and have been replanted. Wheat is heading and just beginning to flower in the northern part of the region and is further along in the south. Several growers have applied fungicides, and others will be applying in the next few days. We are starting to see some powdery mildew, but low in the plant. Alfalfa harvest is well under way. Some farmers are just wrapping up while others are just getting started. Most are reporting average yields. Alfalfa weevil is beginning to feed in most fields. Scout fields for tip feeding and cut the fields with the most pressure first. Scout regrowth for weevil. Drybean planting should begin when the weather permits. Most growers have been waiting for the soil to warm up prior to planting. Oats and barley are progressing. Weed control is being applied. A few oat fields were set back by the frost but are recovering. |
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| Weather news Jeff Andresen Agricultural Meteorology Geography The gradual change of the upper air configuration across North America to a western trough, eastern ridge pattern mentioned in last week's column has taken place. The result is a strong southwesterly flow aloft across the Great Lakes region. On the ground surface, a frontal boundary marking the boundary between a relatively cool, dry air mass centered over Quebec and a hot, humid air mass across much of the southern United States, stretched from an area of low pressure in the western Great Plains eastward through the Ohio Valley to the Mid Atlantic region. This frontal boundary is expected to oscillate north- and southward across the Great Lakes region during much of the next week, setting the stage for an extended period of very summer-like weather conditions with above normal temperatures and a chance of showers and thunderstorms on an almost daily basis. Thursday (June 5), the front will move northward through the Lower Peninsula, setting off showers and thunderstorms mainly across northern sections of the state. The front will temporarily return back south and eastward across the state late Friday and Saturday as a cool front, bringing the threat of more showers and thunderstorms. Given strong winds aloft and low level heat and humidity in place, some thunderstorms Thursday and Friday could be severe, with high winds, hail and tornadoes possible. Scattered, more garden-variety showers and thunderstorms are also possible each day Sunday through Wednesday of next week. Rainfall totals during the next five days are expected to be variable, ranging from 0.50 inches in some locations to more than 1 inch in others. Some 1 to 2 inch totals are possible, especially across northern sections of the state. Temperatures during the next few days will warm to much above normal levels with highs Friday reaching the upper 70's north to low 90's south with lows from the upper to mid 50's to mid 60's Friday and Saturday mornings. Humidity levels will also be on the increase, with dew point temperatures Thursday through Saturday reaching the 60's to near 70 in some spots, leading to uncomfortably muggy conditions, especially during afternoon and early evening hours. Warmer than normal temperatures are likely Sunday through the middle of next week, with highs generally ranging from the mid or upper 70's north to the mid to upper 80's south and lows from the low or mid 50's far north to the mid to upper 60's south. The medium‑range forecast calls for a gradual flattening out of the upper air pattern mentioned above by mid June, which might ultimately result in cooler temperatures during the latter half of the month. The National Weather Service 6‑10 day and 8-14 day outlooks covering June 10-14 and June 12-18 call for mean temperatures to range from near normal levels across northern sections of the state and for above normal levels across central and southern sections. Precipitation totals are forecast to range from near normal levels across extreme southeastern sections of the state to above normal levels elsewhere. |
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