In this issue
Tree fruit news
§ Codling moth control using granulosis virus
§ 2005 TNRC trapline data - spotted tentiform leafminer
§
Organic Apple Field Day set for June 16
Small fruit news
§ Disease control in grapes during and after bloom
§ Coming up – meetings for small fruit growers
Other news
§ Regional reports
§ Warmer weather on the way
Remove or loosen guards and ties from 3 to 5 year old trees. These trees are at the age and diameter where they are girdling the trees. Check wire twisters that hold soap for girdling as well.
Among the new options available for control of codling moth (CM) is a naturally occurring virus that goes by the scientific name of Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV). It is commonly referred to as the codling moth granulosis virus. CpGV is highly specific to the codling moth. It may infect the larvae of a few very closely related species, but it is noninfectious toward beneficial insects, fish, wildlife, livestock, or humans.
Each CpGV particle is contained
within a protein occlusion body (
Two CpGV-based biological
insecticides are available for use by
There are many options for incorporating virus into your CM management program. Deciding how much, when, and how often to apply product can be quite confusing. Keep in mind the following factors when trying to sort things out: 1) CpGV must be ingested by the CM larva and may not kill it immediately, 2) the virus breaks down in the environment, thus a spray may only be effective for a week or so, and 3) the virus is highly lethal, a few OB's are all that are required to cause death.
Optimal use of the virus is against young larvae before they penetrate the fruit. The best way to target young larvae is to have the virus present on the surface of the eggs when they begin to hatch. Hatching CM larvae will ingest the virus as they consume their eggshells. If the virus is intended as a primary CM control, the first application should be made at about 250 GDD50 after biofix. At least four applications will be required to cover the egg hatch period. Weekly applications at a low rate are a better approach than high dose sprays applied at wider intervals. In orchards with high CM pressure, this sequence of sprays will need to be repeated beginning at about 1250 GDD post-biofix or 250 GDD after the start of the second-generation flight.
Growers can opt to use the virus as part of a multi-tactic CM control program. Rotating it with chemical insecticides is a good means of combating resistance. We suggest the following approaches to incorporating CM virus into a management program. If you want to restrict your use to a single generation, target the first generation. Some virus-infected larvae will not die immediately, allowing them to cause fruit damage and even complete larval development. Fortunately, stings or deeper entries in small fruits attacked by first generation larvae often fall off the tree or are removed by thinning. Additionally, research conducted in 2003 revealed that less than 4 percent of the individuals that managed to complete larval development survived to pupate and emerge as summer generation adults. Thus, applications against the first generation can greatly reduce the size of the summer generation that will need to be controlled.
Regardless of the generation targeted, it is best to make at least two applications. If you want to rotate a CpGV product with other controls, I favor applying a chemical insecticide as the first spray at the start of egg hatch (250 GDD) and the virus as the second spray. This is because more eggs will be present and covered by the virus spray at the later timing. The insecticide and virus could then be rotated again, or the virus could be applied weekly at a low rate for the remainder of the egg hatch period.
Codling moth granulosis virus products are compatible with most fungicides and insecticides sprayed in apple orchards. However, they should not be mixed with lime sulfur, Bt products, or copper fungicides. Use of a buffer to neutralize the spray mix is recommended if the pH is above 9 or below 5. Also, I am concerned about tank mixing them with the neonicotinoids, Assail and Calypso. This is because bioassays conducted at the MSU Trevor Nichols Research Complex have indicated that the compounds have anti-feeding properties.
A number of adjuvants have been
recommended and tried as a means of increasing the longevity or improving the
effectiveness of CpGV products. The virus is
sensitive to the UV rays in sunlight, thus powdered milk and other adjuvants have been added to limit this effect. Since the
virus must be ingested to be effective, feeding stimulants such as molasses are
often used in an attempt to increase larval feeding on the spray droplets.
Although these options may prove useful, my experience is that applying more virus, rather than adding a spray adjuvant, is the best
means of increasing efficacy.
MSU and the Organic Apple Team invite you to
visit the Clarksville Horticulture Experiment Station Organic Apple Orchard on
The project, funded primarily by Project GREEEN and a USDA Sustainable Agriculture Grant through the Michigan Agriculture Experiment Station includes over 40 faculty, staff, extension agents, farmers, advisors, and students. Project results will benefit both organic and conventional growers.
There are five primary project areas:
§
Soil Quality and Fertility
§
Tree and Ground Floor Management
§
§
Orchard Management Education
§
Marketing, Costs and Certification
Primary
presentation and discussion topics will include:
Building soil
quality, fertility and biological diversity. Alfalfa hay mulch, compost, and clover are the
primary sources of nutrients for most of the orchard. Routine soil sampling has
been used to document changes in nutrient availability and the quantity of
bacteria and fungi in the soil as the length of time in organic production
increases.
Orchard ground
floor and tree management. A comparison of three root stocks of varying vigor levels and three
different methods (mulching, flaming, Swiss Sandwich System) of managing the
vegetation competing with the tree roots has generated differences in tree
growth and soil fertility. The results are applicable to all orchards.
Disease and
insect monitoring and management. Primary concerns are apple scab, fire blight, codling moth and plum
curculio. The orchard is large enough for testing a variety of management
strategies including trapping, attractants, organic approved sprays and
introduction of plant biodiversity. The planting includes three cultivars of
different disease susceptibility and two different management strategies.
The field day
will begin at 1:00 PM sharp with wagon transport from Clarksville
headquarters into the orchard plots and continue to 4:00 PM. There will be
three stations in the field and first time participants will visit each station
in small groups. Return participants will take part in a separate tour
that builds on the introductory foundations. A printed summary will be
provided.
Registration: To help
us prepare adequate transportation and handouts, please RSVP to Sandy Allen by
Voice:
For additional program information call CHES at
Directions: Take I-96
to
This year’s cherry variety showcase and field day will be at
CHES on Thursday, July 7, starting at
Temperatures in the high 70’s and low 80’s as predicted for
the coming week are perfect for black rot. At these temperatures, only 6-7
hours of wetness are needed for infection. Black rot is a tricky disease in
that infections can remain latent (dormant) for a long period of time, so you
won’t know that you have the disease until is it too late to do anything about
it. Infections can take place anytime from bloom onwards, but only become
apparent at or shortly before veraison. Grape berries
are highly susceptible to black rot infection for the first 2-3 weeks after bloom. However, they become progressively less susceptible as
they continue to develop, finally becoming highly resistant about 4-8 weeks
after bloom depending on the variety and year. In general, '
In five years of trials in
Sterol-inhibitor
fungicides (e.g., Nova and Elite) provide outstanding control of black rot, and
provide about 3-4 days of post-infection activity. When
using SI fungicides on a post-infection schedule, use the highest label rates,
because post-infection activity is strongly rate-dependent, particularly when
extended “kickback” activity is required. The strobilurin fungicides (Abound,
Cane and leaf lesions have been showing up in vineyards
despite the relatively dry early spring. More regular precipitation in the last
few weeks has been conducive to infection. Phomopsis
spores were also plentiful in a
EBDC fungicides can still be used as long as the grapes are
not in bloom. If at this time there are a lot of lesions on the leaves and
canes, infection pressure will be high for the fruit also. Best fungicide
options for control of Phomopsis during and after
bloom will be Abound or Sovran. Pristine is also a good option for wine (non-Labrusca-type) grapes, but should not be used in
Some reports of yellow spots on grape leaves have come in. I
have not been able to find spores on
Ridomil Gold MZ and Ridomil Copper have excellent curative and protectant activity against downy mildew. Under moderate
infection pressure, they will provide 3 to 4 weeks of protection. Of the strobilurins, Pristine, Abound, and Sovran are good
choices. Again, don’t apply Pristine on Labrusca-type
grapes. Other effective fungicides are mancozeb, ziram, and fixed coppers. ProPhyt
is also a good alternative: it provides curative action and about 14 days
protective activity. Phostrol and Agri-Fos
are similar products but have not been tested sufficiently in
No powdery mildew has been sighted in vineyards yet.
However, sprays may be warranted during and after bloom on susceptible
varieties. For those
Thursday,
June 2 in Berrien and Van Buren counties. The Van Buren meeting is
at
Wednesday,
June 15 at two locations. 10:00 AM – Noon at Bodtke
Farm, 57th St near CR 388 (Phoenix Road) west of Grand Junction. 2:00 PM – 4:00
PM at A&L Farms, 144 th Ave about 1 mile north of
M 45 in Grand Haven. The meetings are open to anyone interested in blueberry
insect management. Topics for both meetings include: updates on new pesticide
registrations, fruitworm management with new
insecticides, potential natural enemies for control of blueberry pests, and updates
on blueberry maggot and Japanese beetle management. More details in next week's
CAT Alert.
A meeting and farm tour is scheduled for Wednesday, June 22,
Wednesday, June 8,
6:30 PM - 8:30 PM at Corrin’s Strawberry Patch, Frank
and Karen Corrin, 803 E King Street, Corunna, Michigan (close to Owosso.).
This pre-harvest strawberry meeting is designed to help you learn the latest
recommendations in strawberry insect, disease and weed management. We feel that
we have an excellent farm to host us and show you many things in the field. Our
host has close to 35 years of experience in the strawberry business and has a
great deal of “grower friendly” advise to share.
Topics features:
§ Strawberry insect control update, ipm, and new insecticides
§ Strawberry diseases, IPM, and new fungicides
§ Weed control update
§ Strawberry variety update
§ Strawberry season in perspective
§ Strawberry fungicides – costs and combinations
Our speakers will include: Dr. Rufus Isaacs, MSU small fruit
entomologist; Dr. Annemiek Schilder,
MSU small fruit plant pathologist; Frank Corrin, Corrin’s Strawberry Patch; and Bob Tritten,
MSU Extension district horticultural educator.
We have applied for MDA recertification credits. For more
information about the meeting, contact the Genesee County Extension office,
Last week was pleasant with highs in upper 60s and lows in the 40s. Rain fell as scattered showers on several days. The rain event on May 27 was not generally an infection event for most diseases. Precipitation totals for last week were one to two tenths of an inch. Top soils are drying and soil temperatures are about 65 degress. This week’s forecast is for warmer weather with highs rising into the 70s and then up to 80. There is a good chance of rain as thunderstorms on the weekend.
Growing degree day totals March 1 through May 29
|
Grapes - April 1
|
|||
|
Location |
GDD 42 |
GDD 45 |
GDD 50 |
GDD 50 |
|
770 |
617 |
405 |
383 |
|
|
800 |
645 |
429 |
406 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
720 |
572 |
370 |
351 |
|
|
817 |
663 |
447 |
422 |
|
|
675 |
536 |
341 |
321 |
|
Insect activity increased despite the cool evening
temperatures. Plum
curculio egg laying scars have been found. Growers should apply protectant materials. We expect to see a lot of plum
curculio egg laying this week in all fruits. See the notes on plum curculio monitoring in May 3, 2005 Fruit CAT
Alert.
In peaches, June drop is underway. The
crop is looking very thin in some areas. Oriental fruit moths are
laying eggs. Biofix for the first flight was April 15
in southern and central
Fruit symptoms of bacterial canker were found on sweet cherry fruit. Cherry leaf spot symptoms were also found in sweet cherry. Growers should treat for plum curculio if they have not already done so.
More fresh plum curculio egg laying scars were found in plums near Paw Paw.
In apples, fruit are generally 14 to 18 mm in diameter. Frost rings can be found on some of the larger fruit. There has been little response to thinners applied two weeks ago, because of the cool temperatures. Growers should reapply thinners in this warm weather at higher rates of thinning materials. This will be the last good thinning window. Many fruit are already too large for easy thinning. The warm temperatures forecast should make thinners effective this week. The warm temperatures will also increase the natural drop we are seeing.
Oozing fire blight cankers and collapsing shoots and spurs have been found in several orchards on trees infected last year. It is still too early for blossom blight infection symptoms to be visible. Few new apple leaf scab symptoms were found. Symptoms from the May 13-14 infection should be showing up now. We are at the end of primary scab. Scab symptoms from the May 22 infection should appear by June 5. If scab lesions are found in the orchard, growers should continue to apply protectant materials to suppress fruit scab. Growers need to protect the fruit from plum curculio. European red mites are scarce. Redbanded leafroller trap catches are low. Spotted tentiform leafminer eggs are hatching and growers should scout for sap feeders and mines. Obliquebanded leafroller larvae have been reported in several orchards. These larvae will pupate soon, so there is no need to apply materials targeted specifically for this pest. Codling moth trap catches increased dramatically this week. We biofixed for codling moth on May 20 at 334 GDD base 50. We are now at 405 GDDs, 70 GDD past biofix. Traditional materials are applied at about 250 GDD after biofix, but some new materials need to be applied as early as 100 GDD past Biofix. This means these early treatments should go on early this week. Check the article in last week’s Fruit CAT Alert, which includes information on timing. The warm temperatures forecast for this week mean that we will be picking up 20 GDD base 50 for much of the week and timings for more conventional materials will come quickly.
In pears, frost ring are apparent on many fruit. Pear psylla are out at all different stages.
Blueberries are in petal fall. Cherry fruitworm and cranberry fruitworm adults are being caught. Egg hatch has not begun so insecticide sprays can wait until after bloom. Remove beehives before applying insecticides in blueberries. Tussock moth larvae are being reported in fields where they are a problem. Fungicide applications should be focused on mummyberry and anthracnose control.
In grapes, grape berry moth adults are being trapped, but egg laying has not begun, so insecticide sprays are not needed now. Thursday’s rain was a black rot infection. Phomopsis and downy mildew were found late last week. Growers should be protecting the shoots and flower clusters from phomopsis and other diseases before the forecast rain this weekend.
Strawberry bloom continues and many fruits are thimble sized.
Early summer raspberries, such as Prelude, are blooming.
Cranberry flower buds are visible. Cranberry beds are greening up. Pre-bloom sprays to reduce fruit rots should be applied before the flowers open.
The next Monday Update meeting will be, Monday June 6, at the Fruit Acres Farm
in
While we have had some warmer day time temperatures over the
last week with cooler night time temperatures, there has been little insect development.
The exceptions have been increased activity for codling moth and plum curculio
in apples. We’ve not had any frost or freeze events over the last week. Our
season is still running about 4 to 6 days behind normal in terms of growth
stages and about 7 to 9 days behind normal in terms of degree days. The Romeo
area is particularly behind this year compared to other areas of the southeast
region. Additionally, I’m continuing to see a broad spectrum of sizes of fruit
across the region. Much of this is related to lake effect colder temperatures
which we saw for much of April and early May at many orchards. The closer
orchards are to either
Many growers have experienced dry soils over the last three to four weeks. The region had very scattered rain events on Saturday and Sunday (May 28-29), but most farms had only a trace of rain. A few lucky areas had around a quarter of an inch of rain. This is particularly true for growers in Lenawee and Monroe counties. As you travel north, soil moisture levels are better, however still fairly dry. Many growers have been irrigating newly planted trees and small fruits on a regular basis. A few growers reported pea to marble sized “soft” hail in thunderstorms early last week. Our soil temperatures have generally warmed to the lower 60’s for most days.
|
GDD Totals for March 1 to May
31 |
|||
|
Location |
GDD42 |
GDD45 |
GDD50 |
|
|
682 |
539 |
348 |
|
Romeo |
647 |
511 |
316 |
|
|
721 |
570 |
377 |
Apples are mostly at 11 to 13 mm in size, with Red Delicious being between 9 and 11 mm. While there is not as much bloom to report in apples as last week, there is still some rag tag bloom out there, which continues to be susceptible to fire blight infection. Several growers were able to make an early application of thinner during a warming trend last week, and it appears with warmer temperatures expected this week that the next thinning window will be open fairly quickly. So combined with controlling some early season insects, the next major activity for most apple growers will be thinning.
Insect activity has picked up a bit since last week. Codling
moth trap catches have risen dramatically at a few farms. I had my first
orchard biofix for codling moth around the 13th
to the 15th of May, and another biofix
last Wednesday (5/25). I expect that codling moth either biofixed
over the weekend or early this week at most other orchards. This is the year
that I’ve seen a great spread in biofixing over the
region. Thus, growers who are doing their own scouting or hiring a scout and
have regular monitoring of codling moth traps will be able to pinpoint their
control measures, possibly saving insecticide costs and improving control.
Predators continue to be seen in good numbers in many apple blocks across the region. Ladybird beetles and eggs are being seen in increasing numbers, as are syrphid fly eggs and adults. I also continue to see many minute pirate bugs and brown lacewings adults and eggs. Good numbers of Amblyseius fallacies, Stethorus punctum, and velvet mites continue to be seen as well.
Apple scab spore lesions are being seen in several apple blocks across the region, however the number of lesions are quite low. These lesions are from the major wetting event which occurred during the snowstorm of April 22-24. We are still catching a good number of apple scab spore with each wetting event, so we are still in primary apple scab. No oozing fire blight cankers have been seen yet this year. Many growers had a moderate to high risk infection last week and over the weekend, particularly as rain showers moved through with warmer temperatures. Some frog eye leaf spot is starting to be seen at a few orchards, as well as the possibility of powdery mildew.
Pears are at 11 mm to 13 mm. There appears to be a thinning crop of pears across the region. Pear psylla are developing longer wing pads.
Peaches continue to size quite well and are all at shuck split. Most peaches are around 8 mm to 10 mm in size. Some bacterial spot on foliage is fairly evident on peaches.
Sweet cherries are mostly at 13 mm to 15 mm in size, however there continues to be a great number of smaller sweet cherries in the range of 6 mm to 10 mm. Some of this smaller fruit appears to be turning brown and may drop. Most sweet cherries are at early pit hardening. With the exception of the Romeo area, which has a fantastic crop of sweet cherries coming along, most growers have singles and a disappointing crop. Twospotted spider mites were reported last week for the first time on sweet cherries.
Tart cherries are mostly at 9 mm to 11 mm in size with a light crop. Some tattering of leaves from bacterial spot also continues to be seen on tart cherries.
Plums are mostly at 8 mm to 10 mm in size, with bacterial spot symptoms showing up on these as well.
Strawberry bloom continues at most farms across the region. It is apparent that we are going to have a late harvest this year, as there is not much green fruit present at this time. Tarnished plant bug and strawberry clipper feeding continues to be seen in light amounts at many strawberry farms. I encourage growers to scout for slugs as they have been detected at four or five farms.
Raspberry buds are visible on summer red raspberries with no flowers open at this time. Fall red raspberries are growing more normally than they did earlier this spring with most being around 10” to 12” in length.
Blueberry bloom continues at most farms with an excellent crop of blueberries.
Grapes are
currently at 6 to 8 inches of new growth with young flower buds present.
According to
30-year averages from the
Most apple varieties are around the 10 to 12
mm size with some early setting varieties at 15 mm and larger. Chemical
thinning is going on and fruit set in apple appears to be heavy and very strong
for most varieties. We’re moving into some very nice weather for chemical
thinners to work nicely over the next several days.
If growers are
using Apogee for shoot growth control, it’s time for second applications to be
made – be sure to leave a few days in between Apogee applications and thinning
sprays – we are unsure if there would be any incompatibilities with these two
applications yet.
Fire blight risk
for blossom blight infections has dropped to low because most of bloom is
complete, but there are still some blossoms out there on one-year old wood that
could be a source for blossom blight infection if we get rain. No blossom
blight symptoms have been reported, but they should start to show up soon,
especially with the warmer weather forecasted for this week,
All of the primary
apple scab spores should be mature at this time, so a
couple of good rain events and primary scab will probably be over for 2005.
Spore numbers have been declining with the last rain events, but they are still
present, so growers need to continue to protect leaves and fruits for the next
rain event at least. There are some scab lesions showing up from the infection
period back in late April.
Most apple blocks
have had a petal-fall application made for various insects.
Blueberries in West Central Michigan are in bloom. The Bluecrop variety is in petal fall while
Regarding insect problems, we have observed emergence of
cherry fruit worm for weeks but cranberry fruit worm emerged just 2 week ago.
We captured the first moths in
Last week was yet another week with relatively cold temperatures. Our maximum daily temperatures were in low to mid 60’s with the minimums in low to mid 40’s. Except for the light rain on Thursday, May 26 and a brief shower on Friday, May 27, the week had been dry. Precipitation continues to be an issue! Since the beginning of the season we have been experiencing deficit in rainfalls, which, at this point, is more than 3 inches below normal. The soil is dry and will start to negatively impact the tree and young fruit development.
|
Location |
GDD42 |
GDD45 |
GDD50 |
|
Hart |
641 |
502 |
316 |
|
Ludington |
587 |
467 |
282 |
|
Manistee |
615 |
486 |
311 |
We are several days past petal fall for apples and the young fruit is showing. The fruit is a bit more advanced in the southern parts of the district. We are seeing more of the geographical fruit size separation. Overall, we are within the optimum thinning window with the reported fruit sizes around 10-11 mm not exceeding 15mm. According to the weather forecast, it appears that we will have excellent thinning conditions. Gradual warm up started yesterday and is expected to continue throughout the week with the temperatures getting into mid to high 70’s and, possibly, getting above the 80-degree mark. Several growers started thinning over the weekend. Most of the thinning will be going on this week.
The reported rain event produced moderate apple scab infection period only in the Ludington area. In the rest of the district there was no infection. We are starting to see very few scab leaf lesions from the infections in early May. Blocks with the late, secondary bloom present on the trees will be subject to potential fire blight infections under the predicted weather conditions. Powdery mildew is becoming more prevalent in many apple blocks.
We’ve seen a significant increase in codling moth activity. Most of the commercial blocks have had enough increase in codling moth activity to warrant a biofix. Regional biofix is May 27 with 265 DD50. Timing for the first generation control application will depend on the material intended for use. Some materials would need to be applied than what was generally recommended for the use of organophosphates and pyrethroids (250 DD50 post biofix). Newer materials like Esteem and Diamond should be timed for 100 DD50 post biofix. Timing for Intrepid would be 150 DD50post biofix. Calypso and Assail application should be targeting 200-250 DD50 after the biofix. Scouts are reporting finding larvae of green fruitworms, various leafrollers and small number of rosy apple aphids and green apple aphids.
Sweet cherries are gaining in size. Looks like a good-size crop. Tart cherries are from just getting out of shuck to being out of shuck. Some early crop estimates are indicating that some 55-60 million pounds may come out of this area. Only Ludington area had a light cherry leaf spot infection out of the wetting event on May 27. A few lesions from some earlier infections could be found scattered throughout the area.
European plums are out of shuck with heavy fruit set. Crop outlook is good.
Peaches are out of shuck and gaining in size. Looks like a good crop (at this point).
Bacterial leaf spot is present in sweet cherry blocks, peaches and plums.
Oriental fruit moth trap catch numbers are going down. Biofix for the first flight in Ludington was May 10 at 293 DD45. According to the degree-day model, 8-10 percent first generation egg hatch is expected 150-170 DD45 post biofix or at 443-463 DD45. As of yesterday, we are at 467 DD45.
First plum curculio scars on the fruit have been reported in the Hart area. With the temperature warm up plum curculio is expected to be very active laying eggs this coming week. Blocks need to be protected.
We finally had a week of "normal" temperatures.
The month of May continued a two month trend of below normal precipitation. For growing degree day accumulations, GDD 42
totals are at 618 and GDD 50 are at 290.
A wetting event was reported for Friday, May 27 for the Northport area that resulted in a light apple scab infection. Fireblight will remain a concern in susceptible varieties as long as tag bloom remains in trees. We captured an average of two codling moths per trap here at the station, and there have been reports of biofix in orchards under high codling moth pressure. Spotted tentiform leafminer catches have decreased over the past week. Oriental fruit moths were captured for the first time at the station, with an average of 20 moths per trap.
Later this week may
be a good window for apple thinning where fruit is advanced enough. Thinners are most effective when daily highs
will be warm (above 70º F) for two to three days following application. Many
factors influence the desired aggressiveness of thinning, including vigor of
bloom, tree vigor, frost damage, and weather during pollination. Fruit thins
easiest between 8-12 mm king bloom fruit size with warm temperatures. If fruit
size is slightly smaller than this but the weather looks to be good, consider
thinning early. Thinners applied at 5-7 mm during warm weather work better than
applied at 8-12 mm with cool weather.
In cherries, only
one wetting event was reported last week in Northport, and it did not result in
a cherry leaf spot infection. We have
captured plum curculio in baited traps, and we have egg-laying in the
entomology block here at the station. We
expect plum curculio egg laying to increase sharply
this week. We are still capturing
American plum borers, and green fruitworm was present
in blocks of tarts in the
Most of our vinifera grape cultivars are at the 1 to 5 inch
growth stage, and the clusters are now visible.
Insect activity has been very light, with no reports of flea beetles or
climbing cutworms at injurious levels in northwest
An extended period of seasonably warm and dry weather is in
store for the
At this point, dry weather is expected through at least
Friday (June 3). Winds will gradually shift to the south by late in the week,
which (besides the warmer temperatures) will allow some
Latest medium range forecast guidance calls for a basic
continuation of upper air troughing across the western